Nervous System and Sense Organs

Learning Outcomes of the Course Unit

1) Knows General Morphology of CNS, anatomy of Meninges and Dural Sinuses, Medulla Spinalis, Ascending and Descending Pathways.
2) Knows mechanisms related to hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex, vision and hearing, regulation of these mechanisms and factors affecting them.
3) Knows the embryological development and histology of the nervous system. Nerve Fiber Types and Receptors, Synaptic Transmission, Somatic Senses: Comprehends the general organization and sensory physiology.
4) Knows the anatomical structure, histology and functions of cortical arousal and consciousness of reticular and intralaminar thalamic nuclei.
5) Knows the anomalies and basic functional disorders of structures related to the brain, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, ventricle, eye and ear.
6) Explains how the afferent anterolateral system that transmits pain and temperature interacts with the thalamus.
7) Relates adult ventricular system with embryological development and creates diagrams.
8) Describes the formation and reabsorption of CSF, including the anatomy and function of the choroid plexus.
9) Explains the main areas of the cerebral cortex and their roles in perception and motor coordination. Distinguish Brodmann areas for visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor and speech areas.
10) Creates a flowchart for the brain regions involved in planning, initiating and executing voluntary movements.
11) Lists and describes the brain regions associated with the basal ganglia and the basic connections between the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. Identifies related neurotransmitters.
12) Explains the structure of the eye, the visual mechanism of the eye, basic physiological optics in vision, knows the biochemistry of vision.
13) Describes three states of human brain activity (NREM, REM and wakefulness) based on EEG, EOG and EMG recordings.
14) Defines the structure and function of the olfactory bulb and the central olfactory region.
15) Explain the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) structure, signaling mechanism and the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of lungs, heart, arteries and veins. Knows gastrointestinal function and kidney function.
16) Defines the effect of sound energy on nerve impulses of outer, middle and inner ear structures in the process of mechanoelectric transmission in the Auditory System. Defines hearing tests and explains how they contribute to the diagnosis of hearing disorders: Learns audiometry, can apply Weber test, Rinne test.
17) Defines the three-dimensional structure of the membranous labyrinth in the Vestibular System. Describes the central connections of the vestibular nerve (targets of primary nerve fibers and targets of secondary neurons) and relates them to three or four main functions of the vestibular apparatus.
18) Knows brain and behavior, posture, conscious movement, basal ganglia, oculo-motor system, sensory integration and motor systems, trigeminal system, clinical syndromes of spinal cord and brain stem, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex, mechanisms related to vision and hearing, the regulation of these mechanisms and the factors affecting them.
19) Comprehends the basic concepts and information about the normal development, anatomy, microscopic structure and functions of the brain, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, ventricle, eye, ear and related structures.
20) Knows about skin development and histology.
21) Explains the mechanisms of perception and transmission of various stimuli with specific sensory receptors and the mechanisms of creating appropriate responses to stimuli.
22) Evaluates motor functions and basic reflexes, explains mechanisms of nervous system regulating human behavior.
23) Knows how affective states are regulated by the nervous system.
24) Comprehends the importance of the dominant hemisphere and cerebral lateralization
25) Understands how high-level mental functions such as learning-memory and speech occur.
26) Gets an idea about the use of advanced technology in the field of medicine and recognizes, interprets and develops solutions to ethical problems that arise with the use of advanced technology.
27) Gains awareness about the interaction of environment and health.
28) Develops and uses critical thinking skills to respond and act ethically by analyzing high-tech issues
29) Writes clearly and persuasively to convey scientific ideas clearly.
30) Sutures with CSL studies.
31) Follows up-to-date literature and gains the necessary language proficiency to communicate with foreign colleagues.
32) Says the definition of evidence-based medicine, counts the components of evidence-based medicine, creates an answerable clinical question, and counts the types of research that are suitable for the answer to an answerable clinical question.
33) Evaluates basic reflexes related to the nervous system and clear organs, explains the mechanisms of regulation of human behavior, with clinical correlation courses and basic medicine courses.