Seismic Prospecting

Mode of Delivery

Face to Face

Prerequisites and Co-Requisites

1) INTRODUCTION SEISMOLOGY Fulfilling the attendance requirement:

Recommended Optional Programme Components

None

Course Contents

This course covers;elastic waves,wave propagation, geometry of seismic reflection paths,geometry of refraction paths,comparison of seismin reflection and refraction studies,seismic refraction problem,energy sources and detectors, job security, static and dynamic corrections,seismic data gathering methods.seophone arrays measurement of velocity,seismic noises seismic data procesing migration.

Weekly Schedule

1) Elastic waves: Physical meaning of wave equation,The importance of harmonic analysis in seismic prospecting,body waves, frequency and amplitude of the surface waves, Wavelet types
2) Wave propagation: Wave surfaces and beams, Huygens principle, Snell law, Fermat principle, energy dissipation at a interface, spherical divergence, absorption, seismin velocity, weathered layer
3) Geometry of seismic reflection paths: Horizontal reflector and normal moveout, dipping reflector and dip moveout, finding the angel of approach of a wave, velocity gradient and raypath curvature, velocity functions, linear increase of velocity with depth
4) Geometry of refraction paths: Haed waves, single horizontal reflector, several horizontal reflectors, effect of refractor dip, delay times, irregularity detection on reflectors, fault detection, secret layer and velocity inversion
5) Comparison of seismin reflection and refraction studies (Vertical and horizontal resolution with seismic refraction method, seismic reflection problem )
6) Seismic refraction problem: Two layers and multilayer seismic refraction problems, in-line and reciprocal seismic refraction problems
7) Seismic refraction problem: Irregularity detection on a reflector,determination of their shape and quantity, calculation of diameter and hight of the benches and curvatures, drowing their profile cross sections, normal and reverse fault calculations and drowing their shapes in cross sections, calculation of hidden layer
8) Midterm examination/Assessment
9) Static and dynamic corrections: Meanings, elevation corrections for reflection data, elevation correction for refraction data, weatherin correction for reflection data, weathering correction for refraction data, samle problem practices.
10) Seismic data gathering methods: Seismic reflection data gathering methods (1. Sismik yansıma verisi toplama metodları ( isolated correlation method, split-spread, off end, CDP methods).Practice for CDP method. 2-Seismic refraction data gethering methods: Reciprocal method, reversed refraction profiles, Fan shooting. Problem practices
11) Geophone arrays: Aims, geophone groups, array types, responce of geophene arrays, array selection, noise tests, selection of offset and profile length, group interval and its selection, shot interval and its selection, shot source tests, depth of shot bore-hole tests, selection of sampling rate, selection of profile length, selection of seismic record length, msrine seismic reflection system
12) Measurement of velocity: Average velocity, interval velocity,RMS velocity, instantenous velocity, Dix interval velocity, Dix average velocity. Velocity determination methods:Velocity logs, velocity logging, surface profiling, T-?T method, Automatic velocity determination with a computer (Velocity spectrum and velocity scan methods) Velocity calculations on seismic cross-sections. Problem practices. Seismic noises: 1. Noises caused by surface waves and their detection on seismic records, 2. multiple reflections and their detections, 3. Ghost reflections and their detection on seismic records, 4. diffractions and their detections, 5. reverberations and their detections, 6. diffractions and their detection, 7. filter effects and their observation on seismic records, 8. bubble effects, 8. random noises and their detection. Problem practices
13) Seismic data procesing: Sampling, Demax, trace headers, data format, Edit, (muting, bad trace correction), Sorting, gain control, velocity analysis, filter analysis, difference equations, trace mix, energy measurement, deconvolution, predictive decon, spike decon, stack. Sample problem practices.
14) Migration: Wave trace method, common tangent method
15) Hagedoorn, Huygens, Freznel veya Kirchoff methods, wave equation method.
16) Final examination

Recommended or Required Reading

1- Kurtuluş C., 2002. Sismik Araştırmalar, Teori ve Uygulama
2- Waters K.N.1977. Reflection Seismology
3- Dobrin M.B.1976. Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting

Planned Learning Activities and Teaching Methods

1) Lecture
2) Question-Answer
3) Discussion
4) Drill and Practice
5) Group Study
6) Self Study

Assessment Methods and Criteria

Contribution of Semester Studies to Course Grade	50%
Number Percentage Semester Studies Midterm Examination 1 40% Quiz 2 30% Practices 2 30%
Contribution of Final Examination to Course Grade	50%
Total	100%

Language of Instruction

Turkish

Work Placement(s)

Not Required